About SS-31 (Elamipretide)
SS-31, also known as Elamipretide, is a tetrapeptide that binds cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane to stabilize electron transport. Raises VO₂ max by 12% in trained adults.
Reported benefits
- Raises VO₂ max by 12% in 12-week protocol
- Stabilizes cardiolipin on inner mitochondrial membrane
- Restores electron transport chain efficiency
Research citations
- Karaa et al. 2018 - Neurology
- Roshanravan et al. 2021 - JCI
How SS-31 (Elamipretide) fits the category
SS-31 (Elamipretide) sits inside the Best Peptides for Energy category. For the full ranking and head-to-head comparisons, read Best Peptides for Energy.

